Chemistry
Topics Covered
1. General Chemistry
Atomic Structure
Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)
Electron configurations
Isotopes and ions
Periodic Table
Periodic trends (atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity)
Group properties and classifications
Chemical Bonding
Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
Lewis structures and molecular geometry
Hybridization and molecular orbital theory
Stoichiometry
Mole concept and Avogadro’s number
Balancing chemical equations
Limiting reactants and percent yield
States of Matter
Properties of gases, liquids, and solids
Gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Avogadro’s)
Phase changes and phase diagrams
Thermochemistry
Enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy
Calorimetry and heat transfer
Hess’s Law
Chemical Reactions
Types of reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion)
Reaction mechanisms
Energy changes in reactions
Chemical Equilibrium
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Equilibrium constants (Kc and Kp)
Calculations involving equilibrium concentrations
Acids and Bases
pH and pOH calculations
Acid-base titrations
Buffer solutions and their applications
Redox Reactions
Oxidation states
Balancing redox equations
Electrochemical cells and standard electrode potentials
2. Organic Chemistry
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Overview of organic molecules
Nomenclature of organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Functional Groups
Alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines
Reactivity and synthesis of functional groups
Isomerism
Structural isomers
Stereoisomers, including enantiomers and diastereomers
Reactions of Organic Compounds
Addition, substitution, elimination, and rearrangement reactions
Polymerization processes
Spectroscopy
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry
Polymers
Types of polymers (addition, condensation)
Polymerization techniques
Applications of polymers
3. Physical Chemistry
Thermodynamics
First and second laws of thermodynamics
Thermodynamic processes and cycles
Kinetics
Reaction rates and rate laws
Activation energy and catalysts
Mechanisms of chemical reactions
Quantum Chemistry
Quantum numbers and atomic orbitals
Schrödinger equation basics
Molecular orbitals
Electrochemistry
Galvanic and electrolytic cells
Standard reduction potentials
Electroplating and corrosion
Surface Chemistry
Adsorption and catalysis
Colloids and emulsions
Surface tension and intermolecular forces
4. Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Techniques
Qualitative and quantitative analysis
Sampling methods
Spectroscopy
UV-Visible spectroscopy
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
Chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Instrumental Analysis
Mass spectrometry
Electrochemical analysis
5. Inorganic Chemistry
Coordination Chemistry
Complex ions and ligands
Coordination numbers and geometries
Crystal field theory
Solid State Chemistry
Types of solids (ionic, covalent, metallic, molecular)
Crystal lattices and unit cells
Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry
Properties and reactions of main group elements
Transition metals and their compounds
Rare earth and actinide chemistry
6. Biochemistry
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Structure and function of enzymes
Enzyme Chemistry
Mechanism of enzyme action
Enzyme kinetics and inhibition
Metabolism
Catabolic and anabolic pathways
ATP synthesis and energy transfer
7. Environmental Chemistry
Green Chemistry
Sustainable practices in chemistry
Reduction of hazardous substances
Atmospheric Chemistry
Composition of the atmosphere
Air pollution and its effects
Water Chemistry
Water treatment processes
Chemical properties of water
8. Specialized Topics
Nanochemistry
Nanomaterials and their properties
Applications of nanotechnology
Materials Science
Properties of metals, ceramics, and polymers
Material synthesis and characterization
Medicinal Chemistry
Drug design and development
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Petrochemistry
Refining processes
Petrochemical products and applications
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